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  4. 儿童便秘治疗的新进展

儿童便秘治疗的新进展

2014年,欧洲和北美儿科胃肠学、肝病学和营养学会(ESPGHAN和NASPGHAN)发布了儿科便秘管理应用指南(1):
  • 改变生活方式(饮食、液体、运动);
  • 口服和/或直肠泻剂;
  • 行为治疗;
  • 通过腹部电刺激或者骶部神经刺激;
  • 外科手术管理: 结肠切除术或者开孔术,包括顺行冲洗。

然而,每一项管理措施都有新兴的进展。

便秘管理的最新进展

改变生活方式

现有证据建议,2g/1000KJ(239kcal)膳食纤维的摄入对超过一岁的儿童用于正常排便是足够的(2)。因此,ESPGHAN和NASPGHAN推荐患有便秘的儿童摄取正常量的膳食纤维和液体(0.7-1.8升/天,取决于年龄)(3),加上维持每天的运动量不改变(即每天运动达180分钟,取决于儿童的年龄)(1,4,5)。过多补充膳食纤维会增加儿童排便率,与对照组相比没有额外的作用(3)。

泻剂

可以使用口服泻剂管理慢性便秘,例如镁乳(氢氧化镁)或聚乙二醇(PEG)能够增加大便中的水分(1),PEG在大便频率、大便的形成、腹痛和需要额外药物方面显示出更好的结果(6)。

虽然灌肠不是很常用的方法,但对便秘患者也是一种有用的、改善肠道功能的治疗。不适、疼痛、尴尬和额外花费可能意味着在儿童便秘患者中一般不适用这种方法。

新型治疗药物

一些药物如普鲁卡必利、鲁比前列酮和利那洛肽,在治疗成人便秘上已经显示出功效。这些药物的机理包括诱发蠕动反射、增加肠道动力和增加平滑肌收缩(7-15)。然而,正在等待更多的数据使得这些药物能够处方给儿童患者。

行为治疗

对于那些对口服和/或直肠泻剂未取得效果的儿童,可以应用一系列新的管理策略,例如经腹电刺激(TES)或者骶神经刺激。使用TES治疗慢传输型便秘,可以看到在排便频率、腹痛和泻剂使用效果方面有改善,目前对TES的有效性有中等程度的支持(16-18)。然而,进行覆盖面更大、更多样化的和长期随访的患者人群的研究是有必要的,以可靠地确定TES在儿童便秘治疗中的有效性。

骶神经刺激也是一个有前途的、新的治疗便秘的方法(19-22),但这种治疗很贵,因此一般作为最后的选择。生物反馈治疗是另外一种便秘疗法,这种疗法的指导原则是任何的行为都可以通过重复强化而学会并完善。例如通过给视觉或言语的反馈来鼓励儿童意识到排便紧急和放松外肛门括约肌(23)。然而,目前没有证据支持使用生物反馈疗法治疗儿童便秘(23)。

外科手术

大多数关于用手术治疗儿童便秘的研究都是病例系列讨论并局限于一定数量的患者(24)。另外,由于便秘定义的确实,这些研究还存在着不能确定患者症状的持续时间,干预有效的定义宽泛和缺乏评估患者满意度或生活质量等缺陷(24)。因此手术治疗用于儿童便秘的数据有限,并将继续受限于只有极个别有明确手术指征的案例。

亚洲传统药物治疗便秘

与欧洲相比,传统草药在亚洲倾向于起着更重要的作用。尽管研究报告显示:约三分之一的患者可能尝试过传统草药治疗便秘,并常与其他传统治疗相结合(25)。多项研究日本和中国草药治疗便秘的结果通常是相互矛盾的(26-31)。

针灸,另一项传统中医疗法对便秘患者也有效果,它可以改善生理症状如自发性排便次数、腹痛和排便困难,还能改善心理症状如排便不尽感和肛门阻塞感(32)。这能够减少泻剂的依赖性和提高患者生活质量,但缺乏数据支持使用针灸治疗儿童便秘(32)。

总结

便秘的儿童应该有正常纤维素和液体的摄入,并鼓励每天运动(1)。如果需要额外的干预,PEG是作为维持治疗的第一选择,因为证据不支持使用其他任何非药物治疗来医治儿童便秘。当新型药物已经显示对成人便秘有效,但在应用于儿童之前,进一步的研究是必须的。同样,有一些证据支持传统的亚洲草药或针灸来管理便秘,但有限的证据支持这些疗法可以用于儿童患者(25-32)。

参考文献

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发布于: 2018年11月13日
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